Validez de las reglas de un análisis estadístico implicativo según juicio de expertos

Introducción: una nueva metodología para el empleo del análisis estadístico implicativo contextualizado a las investigaciones médicas de causalidad brinda reglas y meta-reglas que deben corresponderse con la práctica médica, lo cual se desconoce. Objetivo: evaluar la calidad de las reglas derivadas de la aplicación del análisis estadístico implicativo en las investigaciones médicas de causalidad. Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional con la aplicación de técnicas cualitativas de tipo criterio de expertos. Los 33 expertos de mayor puntuación emitieron su juicio, mediante una escala Likert de cinco puntos, acerca de la frecuencia con que se cumplen en la práctica médica 23 reglas derivadas de la aplicación del análisis estadístico implicativo en tres estudios para la identificación de factores pronósticos en cáncer de mama. Las opiniones se procesaron mediante el método Delphi en dos rondas y se trianguló con la validez racional de estas reglas. Resultados: los expertos consideraron que cerca del 74 % de las reglas se cumplen en la práctica médica siempre o frecuentemente y sólo una regla resultó absurda. En la segunda ronda se trataron las tres reglas en las que no existió un acuerdo perfecto, en la cual se ratificó una regla como absurda y aumentó el nivel de acuerdo. La triangulación permitió encontrar contradicciones literatura-experto que facilitaron la identificación de problemas en la redacción de la interpretación de las reglas. Conclusiones: las reglas evaluadas reflejan, en general, lo que ocurre en la práctica médica y aquellas que resultan absurdas alertan al investigador sobre un posible sesgo de confusión.

Introduction: A new methodology for the use of contextualized statistical implicative analysis in causality medical research provides rules and meta-rules that must correspond to medical practice, which is unknown. Objective: To evaluate the quality of the rules derived from the application of the statistical implicative analysis in causality medical research. Methods: An observational study was carried out applying qualitative techniques based on expert judgement. Using a five-point Likert scale, the 33 experts with the highest score expressed their judgment about the frequency of the fulfilment of the 23 rules derived from the application of the statistical implicative analysis in three studies in order to identify prognostic factors for breast cancer. Opinions were processed using the two-round Delphi method, and the rational validity of these rules was triangulated. Results: The experts considered that about 74% of the rules are always or frequently followed in medical practice; only one rule was absurd. In the second round, the three rules in which there was no perfect agreement were discussed; one rule was ratified as absurd and there was an increase in the level of agreement. The triangulation allowed us to find contradictions between literature and experts, which facilitated the identification of problems in the drafting of the interpretation of the rules. Conclusions: The rules evaluated generally reflect what happens in medical practice and those that are absurd warn the researcher about the possibility of a confusion bias.

Reducción, reutilización y reciclaje: Una revisión crítica del conocimiento científico sobre las pérdidas y desperdicios de alimentos en Chile

Reducir, reutilizar y reciclar, "regla de las tres R", son estrategias que promueven una actitud responsable hacia el medioambiente y contribuyen al desarrollo sostenible. El objetivo de esta revisión fue analizar las publicaciones científicas generadas en Chile en el área de las pérdidas y desperdicios de alimentos (PDA), con enfoque en su cuantificación y basadas en "la regla de las tres R". Se realizó una búsqueda de literatura en tres bases de datos: Web of Science, Pubmed y Scopus. Los artículos originales seleccionados se clasificaron según tipo de acción, etapa de la cadena de suministro de alimentos, grupo de alimentos, cuantificación de PDA y tipo de estrategia (reducción, reutilización o reciclaje). Se encontraron 5 artículos de revisión y 31 artículos originales. La revalorización de subproductos agroindustriales fue la principal acción involucrada en los estudios de PDA (n= 22). El tipo de subproducto también fue analizado, y se encontró que los compuestos fenólicos provenientes de frutales son los más estudiados. Solo el 32% (12/31) de los artículos reportaron información sobre cuantificación de PDA. La revalorización de subproductos sumada a la recuperación de alimentos para producción de energía (n= 4) y de compostaje (n= 2) hacen que el reciclaje sea la estrategia más investigada. Estos antecedentes evidencian la necesidad de complementar la investigación nacional a nivel de acciones que apunten más hacia la reducción y reutilización de PDA y su cuantificación. Este conocimiento permitirá establecer líneas base y planes de monitoreo que contribuyan al cumplimiento de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible en Chile.

Reduce, reuse, and recycle "the 3Rs rule" are strategies that promote a responsible attitude towards the environment and contribute to sustainable development. The objective of this review was to analyze the scientific publications generated in Chile in the area of food loss and waste (FLW), with a focus on its quantification and based on "the 3Rs rule". A literature search was carried out in three databases: Web of Science, Pubmed, and Scopus. The selected original articles were classified according to the type of action, stage of the food supply chain, food group, FLW quantification, and type of strategy (reduction, reuse, or recycling). Five review articles and 31 original articles were found. The revalorization of agro-industrial by-products was the main initiative involved in the FLW studies (n= 22). The type of by-product was also analyzed, and it was found that the phenolic compounds from fruits are the most studied. Only 32% (12/31) of the articles reported information on FLW quantification. The revalorization of by-products added to food recovery for energy production (n= 4) and composting (n= 2) make recycling the most researched strategy. These antecedents show the need to complement the national research at the level of actions that point more towards reducing and reusing of FLW and its quantification. This knowledge will allow the establishment of baselines and monitoring plans that contribute to the fulfillment of the Sustainable Development Goals in Chile.

Diseño de sistema basado en reglas para apoyar la toma de decisiones de la población en la obtención de los medicamentos

En Cuba, el acceso a los servicios farmacéuticos por parte de la población se ve afectado por la no disponibilidad de medicamentos y la lejanía de las farmacias. La falta de información acerca de la existencia de los medicamentos y la cantidad de estos en la red de farmacias cercanas a una ubicación geográfica, aparejados al poco suministro de medicamentos y la calidad de la prestación del servicio, genera descontento e inconformidad en la población. En la presente investigación se realiza un diseño para mejorar la problemática planteada a partir de un sistema basado en reglas como ayuda a la toma de decisiones para la obtención de los medicamentos por parte de la población. Se aplica un estudio de caso mediante el cual es posible sugerir al usuario las 5 farmacias más cercanas donde el paciente puede adquirir los medicamentos sobre las decisiones asumidas.

In Cuba, access to pharmaceutical services by the population is affected by the non-availability of medicines and the remoteness of pharmacies. The lack of information about the existence of medicines and the quantity of these in the network of pharmacies close to a geographical location, coupled with the low supply of medicines and the quality of service provision, generates discontent and nonconformity in the population. In the present investigation, a design is carried out to improve the problem raised from a system based on rules as an aid to decision-making to obtain medicines by the population. A case study is applied through which it is possible to suggest to the user the 5 closest pharmacies where the patient can acquire the medicines on the decisions made.

The 20/20/20 rule: Practicing pattern and associations with asthenopic symptoms

Purpose: The present work style and lifestyle have increased the digital device use. Therefore, an increase in digital eyestrain is to be expected. We undertook a survey during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID?19) pandemic to investigate the practice of 20/20/20 rule and its association with digital device use and asthenopic symptoms. While this rule is commonly advised, little is known about its validity. Methods: An online survey form was disseminated through social media and emails. The questions for eye?related symptoms were similar to the convergence insufficiency symptom survey (CISS). Participants with age ?5 years were included, with parents completing the survey for children (?16 years). Results: A total of 432 participants (mean ± standard deviation [SD]: 26.06 ± 13.92 years) were enrolled, of which 125 responses were for children. The 20/20/20 rule was practiced only by 34% of the participants either regularly (n = 38) or occasionally (n = 109). Those who had complaints of burning sensation and headache tended to practice this rule. Among adult participants, more females (47%) practiced this rule when compared to males (23%). Also, adult females significantly (P = 0.04) had more symptoms score when compared to males. In children, no such gender difference was found. Conclusion: Only one?third of participants practice the 20/20/20 rule at least occasionally. More number of adult females being symptomatic and practicing in greater number could be due to higher prevalence of dry eye condition in females. While the symptom of burning sensation could be related to dry eye, that of headache could be related to refractive error or binocular vision dysfunctions

Democratic formation of the 1988 constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil (CRFB/1988) / Formação democrática da Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil de 1988 (CRFB/1988)

Introduction: After the years of lead, as known, the military dictatorship that took part in the country, declaredly contrary to the democratic rule of law that existed in Brazil until then, and that took over power through the use of force between the years 1964 and 1985 , in 1988 the Citizen Constitution was promulgated, the Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil of 1988 (CRFB/1988), not without a struggle but as a possible, but not perfect, combination of the democratic and social need that was curbed by conservatism and the roots lying down from dictatorialism and the right-wing vision of the instituted powers of the elite, and that made amnesty possible for coup leaders and dictators, as well as those who fought for the democratic rule of law and for social justice through the widespread use of violence at the time, which became begins with the cowardly coup of 1964. The 1988 Constitution brought to society, on its side, important mechanisms for the protection of individuals and society against the will of the State and of society itself, declared and instituted fundamental rights and created legal instruments for the protection and guarantee of fundamental rights, such as, among many, we can highlight public civil actions, the collective writ of mandamus and popular action. However, social reality depends on the implementation of fundamental rights through the effective action of the State and society, and through the appreciation of democratic institutions, such as the CRFB/1988. On the other hand, the coup and the lack of appreciation for democracy and the democratic rule of law, however, live in the shadows and underworld of violence and fake news more recently, and during the more than thirty years of promulgation of the celebrated Constitution Federal of 1988, the institutions and the constitutionally established democratic regime have been questioned by the coup, of which the dantesque event of the attacks on democracy perpetrated by vandals, possible terrorists and financiers of chaos, and purely coupists, on January 8, 2023, at the headquarters of the three branches of government in Brasília, DF. fundamental rights, occurs with great emphasis in the scope of the realization of these same fundamental rights and affects more seriously, above all, the vulnerable, marginalized population, and the black majority, with a cowardly mechanism of structural racism sedimented over the nation in Brazil and which adds to the lack of appreciation for democracy on the part of the population, and which affects, notably, and with greater gravity the economically needy people who live in poverty.Objective: As a general objective, this manuscript aims to describe important mechanisms achieved for the defense and implementation of fundamental rights based on the Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil of 1988.Methods: The present work was developed through bibliographical research, on the conquest of rights inserted in the context of the constitutionality and normative force of the Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil of 1988, representative of the sedimentation of democracy in Brazil. The research approach method is deductive.Results: This research describes the evolution of generations of fundamental rights enshrined in the 1988 Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil, , among which the current stage of new fundamental rights, resulting from bioethics and technological advances.Conclusion: It is concluded that fundamental rights had a great evolution in a short period of time, notably driven by the barbarism created by the warlike, coup-mongering and dictatorial movements that rested from the 20th century onwards, and notably by the incidence of technological evolution resulting from the advance of science in the same historical period, and which underlie the conquest of rights and the need to implement goals to avoid the social, economic and existential collapse of humanity, with the aim of perpetuating good social coexistence and guaranteeing and promoting the quality of life of people and societies, permeated by rights that are partly individual and partly collective.

Introdução: Após os anos de chumbo, assim conhecida a ditadura militar que tomou parte no país, declaradamente contrária ao Estado de direito democrático que havia no Brasil até então, e que tomou conta do poder pelo uso da força entre os anos de 1964 e 1985, em 1988 foi promulgada a Constituição Cidadã, a Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil de 1988 (CRFB/1988), não sem luta mas como uma conjugação possível, mas não perfeita, da necessidade democrática e social que foi freada pelo conservadorismo e pelas raízes deitadas do ditatorialismo e da visão de direita dos poderes da elite instituídos, e que viabilizaram a anistia aos golpistas e ditadores, bem como aos que lutavam pelo Estado democrático de direito e pela justiça social através do uso disseminado à época da violência, o que se inicia com o golpe covarde de 1964. A Constituição de 1988 trouxe para a sociedade, de seu lado, importantes mecanismos de proteção dos indivíduos e da sociedade contra os arbítrios do Estado e da própria sociedade, declarou e instituiu direitos fundamentais e criou instrumentos legais de proteção e garantia de direitos fundamentais, tais como, dentre vários, podemos destacar as ações civis públicas, o mandado de segurança coletivo e a ação popular. Contudo, a realidade social depende de implementação dos direitos fundamentais pela atuação efetiva do Estado e da sociedade, e através da valorização das instituições democráticas, tal qual o é a CRFB/1988. De outra sorte, o golpismo e a falta de apreço à democracia e ao Estado democrático de direito, no entanto, vive nas sombras e no submundo da violência e das fake news mais recentemente, e durante os mais de trinta anos de promulgação da celebrada e Constituição Federal de 1988, as instituições e o regime democrático constitucionalmente estabelecido vêm sendo questionados pelo golpismo, de que é um ápice o evento dantesco dos atentados à democracia perpetrados por vândalos, possíveis terroristas e financiadores do caos, e puramente golpistas, em 8 de janeiro de 2023, na sede dos três poderes em Brasília, DF. O descumprimento da Lei Maior, seja em eventos pontuais de golpismo, seja na prática cotidiana da vida constitucional em uma sociedade doente e que não se reconhece como parte do sistema democrático e detentora de direitos fundamentais, ocorre com grande destaque no âmbito da efetivação destes mesmos direitos fundamentais e afeta com maior gravidade, sobretudo, a população vulnerável, marginalizada, e de maioria negra, havendo-se no Brasil um mecanismo covarde de racismo estrutural sedimentado sobre a nação e que se soma à falta de apreço pela democracia de parte da população, e que afeta, notadamente, e com maior gravidade as pessoas economicamente necessitadas que vivem em situação de pobreza.Objetivo: Como objetivo geral o presente manuscrito visa descrever importantes mecanismos conquistados para a defesa e implementação de direitos fundamentais sediados na Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil de 1988. Método: Desenvolveu-se o presente trabalho através da pesquisa bibliográfica, sobre a conquista de direitos inseridos no contexto da constitucionalidade e da força normativa da Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil de 1988, representativas da sedimentação da democracia no Brasil. O método de abordagem de pesquisa é o dedutivo.Resultados: Obteve-se nesta pesquisa a descrição da evolução das gerações de direitos fundamentais consagrados na Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil de 1988, dentre os quais destaca-se o estágio atual dos novos direitos fundamentais, decorrentes da bioética e dos avanços tecnológicos e digitais.Conclusão: Conclui-se que os direitos fundamentais tiveram uma grande evolução num curto espaço de tempo, notadamente impulsionados pela barbárie criada pelos movimentos bélicos, golpistas e ditatoriais que refestelam a partir do século XX, e notadamente pela incidência da evolução tecnológica decorrente do avanço da ciência no mesmo período histórico, e que fundamentam a conquista de direitos e a necessidade de implementação de balizas para evitar o colapso social, econômico e existencial da humanidade, com a finalidade de perpetuar o bom convívio social e a garantia e promoção da qualidade de vida das pessoas e das sociedades, permeadas por direitos que são em parte individuais e em parte coletivos.

Diagnosis and Treatment Reasoning of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Against Acute Abdomen Based on Knowledge Graph / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveIn view of the standardization of clinical diagnosis and treatment of the acute abdomen and the inheritance of diagnosis and treatment experience of prestigious veteran traditional Chinese medicine（TCM） doctors， a diagnosis and treatment reasoning algorithm based on association rule mining under incomplete evidence（AMIE）+ random walk was proposed to provide information services and technical support for primary doctors by recommending personalized diagnosis and treatment plans based on medical records. MethodThe experience of diagnosis and treatment of acute abdomen of prestigious veteran TCM doctors and the text data of clinical diagnosis and treatment guidelines of integrated TCM and western medicine were collected to complete the task of knowledge extraction and construct acute abdomen knowledge graph based on Neo4j. On the basis of ontology-supported rule-based reasoning， the rule reasoning based on similar syndromes was used to expand the syndrome combinations whose Jaccard similarity was greater than the threshold in the syndrome recommendation results. The semantic path coverage algorithm was used to calculate the semantic similarity between the symptom nodes. The symptom nodes were divided into 10 categories， and the symptom nodes in the same category were extended. The random walk algorithm was used to search the symptom nodes connected with the syndrome， and the connection rules between the syndrome and symptom nodes were extended to realize the knowledge reasoning of AMIE+ random walk. ResultThe acute abdomen knowledge graph included 1 320 nodes and 2 464 relationships. According to the link prediction evaluation index of knowledge reasoning， the reasoning results of the three algorithms in the auxiliary diagnosis and treatment of acute abdomen were compared. The AMIE+ random walk algorithm complemented the knowledge graph by extending the similar syndrome connection rules and the syndrome-symptom connection rules. Compared with the knowledge reasoning algorithm based on ontology rules， the area under the curve （AUC） was 15.18% higher and the accuracy was 30.36% higher， which achieved more accurate and effective knowledge inference. ConclusionThis study used knowledge graph technology to visualize the diagnosis and treatment of acute abdomen with TCM and western medicine， assisting primary clinicians in intuitively viewing the diagnosis and treatment process and data relationship. The proposed diagnosis and treatment reasoning algorithm can realize the personalized diagnosis and treatment plan recommendation at the level of "disease-syndrome-diagnosis-treatment-prescription"， which can assist primary doctors in disease diagnosis and treatment and clinical decision-making， contribute to the knowledge sharing and application of diagnosis and treatment experience and clinical guidelines of prestigious veteran TCM doctors， improve the level of primary clinical diagnosis and treatment， and promote the normalization and standardization of the diagnosis and treatment process of acute abdomen with integrated TCM and western medicine.

Study on the law of syndrome differentiation and treatment about TCM for the treatment of type 2 diabetic kidney disease stage Ⅳ based on literature study / 国际中医中药杂志

Objective:To analyze the law of TCM syndrome differentiation and treatment for type 2 diabetic kidney disease (T2DKD) stage Ⅳ based on literature research.Methods:Literature on type 2 diabetic kidney disease stage Ⅳ was retrieved from CNKI, WanFang data, VIP and SinoMed database. The retrieval time was from the establishment of the databases to December 31, 2020. Data screening was conducted based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria prior to data entry in Microsoft Office Excel 365. Data mining and statistical analysis were performed by SPSS Statistics 23.0 and SPSS Modeler 18.1.Results:A total of 110 articles with 3 969 T2DKD stage Ⅳ cases, 111 prescriptions and 206 kinds of Chinese materia medica were included. Kidney and spleen were the main location of T2DKD stage Ⅳ. T2DKD stage Ⅳ based on TCM deficiency in nature syndrome was mainly based on qi and yin deficiency, and the most common excess in superficiality syndrome was blood stasis. The prescriptions commonly used included Liuwei Dihuang Decoction, Zhenwu Decoction, Buyang Huanwu Decoction, and Shenqi Dihuang Decoction etc. The classification of medication efficacy with the highest frequency was qi-tonifying herb, followed by blood-activating and stasis-resolving herb. Among them, Astragali Radix was the core Chinese materia medica in the prescription. The results of association rule obtained 54 association rules. Conclusions:The disease characteristics of T2DKD stage Ⅳ is simultaneous occurrence of deficiency and excess syndromes. The deficiency in nature is mainly characterized by deficiency of qi and yin, deficiency of spleen and kidney, deficiency of spleen-kidney yang, and excess in superficiality is mainly characterized by blood stasis, dampness and toxin. Tonifying qi and nourishing yin, activating blood circulation and dredging collaterals are the basic treatment methods, while strengthening spleen and kidney, dampness and detoxification should be emphasized. Astragali Radix, Angelicae Sinensis Radix, Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, Poria, Dioscoreae Rhizoma, Corni Fructus, Rhei Radix et Rhizoma and Alismatis Rhizoma were the basic Chinese materia medica in this period, which reflects the idea of "treating qi, blood and water together".

Research on the medication law of external application of TCM for psoriasis vulgaris based on modern articles / 国际中医中药杂志

Objective:To analyze the medication law of external application of TCM in the treatment of psoriasis vulgaris (PV) by using data mining method.Methods:Clinical controlled trial literature about external application of TCM in the treatment of PV was retrieved from CNKI, VIP, WanFang, SinoMed, PubMed and Cochrane Library from the establishment of the databases to May 23, 2022. Prescriptions were extracted after screening. TCM inheritance computing platform V3.0 was used to analyze the property, taste, meridian, efficacy, use frequency, common medicinal pairs and the core combinations.Results:A total 186 prescriptions were included, involving 190 kinds of Chinese materia medica. The medicines were mostly bitter and cold in property and taste, mainly belonging to the liver and heart meridians. Heat-clearing drugs were mainly used, followed by blood circulation-activating and stasis-eliminating medicines, and tonic medicines. The ten most frequently used medicines were Sophorae Flavescentis Radix, Dictamni Cortex, Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex, Kochiae Fructus, Angelicae Sinensis Radix, Salviea Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, Poria, Rehmannine Radix, and Arnebiae Radix; the 3 commonly used medicinal pairs were Sophorae Flavescentis Radix- Dictamni Cortex, Sophorae Flavescentis Radix- Cnidii Fructus, and Sophorae Flavescentis Radix- Kochiae Fructus; 4 combinations were obtained through evolution. Conclusions:External application of TCM for the treatment of PV is around the core pathogenesis of "heat toxin", mainly treating from the blood, including cooling blood and detoxifcation, activating blood circulation and removing stasis, nourishing the blood and moistening dryness. Clearing heat and drying dampness, dispelling wind and relieving itching are also valued. The treating thoughts can provide some references for clinical treatment.

Acupoint selection rule of acupuncture therapy for relieving postoperative pain based on data mining / 国际中医中药杂志

Objective:To analyze the rule of acupoint selection for acupuncture in relieving postoperative pain based on data mining technology.Methods:Articles about acupuncture for postoperative pain were retrieved from CNKI, SinoMed, VIP, Wanfang, PubMed, Embase and Web of Science databases from establishment to June 6, 2022. Excel 2019 and SPSS Modeler 18.0 software were used to establish acupoints database and conduct the data analysis.Results:Totally 308 articles were obtained, involving 317 acupuncture prescriptions and 173 acupoints. Acupoints of bladder meridian, stomach meridian, large intestine meridian and spleen meridian were used frequently. Zusanli (ST 36), Hegu (LI 4) and Neiguan (PC 6) were high-frequency acupoints with a frequency of ≥50 times. Five-shu acupoint was often selected in specific acupoints. The common sites for acupuncture to relieve postoperative pain were abdomen, perianal, lumbar back and knee. Zusanli (ST 36), Neiguan (PC 6) and other acupoints were commonly used for abdominal postoperative pain, and the most commonly used combination was "Zusanli (ST 36)-Neiguan (PC 6)"; Chengshan (BL 57), Changqiang (GV 1) and other acupoints were often used for perianal postoperative pain, and "Chengshan (BL 57)-Changqiang (GV 1)" was highly correlated combination; Shenshu (BL 23) and Huantiao (GB 30) were commonly used for postoperative pain in the lumbar and back region, and acupoints with high correlation were "Ashi acupoint-Huantiao (GB 30)" and "Shenshu (BL 23)-Huantiao (GB 30)"; Xuehai (SP10) and Liangqiu (ST 34) were commonly used for postoperative pain of knee, and their compatibility had a high correlation.Conclusion:Acupuncture therapy for relieving postoperative pain often selects Yang meridians acupoints, and follows the principle of distal-proximal points combination and acupoint selection along meridians, and pays attention to the use of specific acupoints.

The rules of Traditional Chinese Medicine compounds for diabetes based on the National Patent Database / 国际中医中药杂志

Objective:To analyze the rules of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) for treating diabetes based on the National Patent Database.Methods:In the patent search and analysis platform of the China National Intellectual Property Administration, search the invention patents of the TCM compounds for treating diabetes during January 1,2016-December 31,2020. The Ancient and Modern Medical Records Cloud Platform (V2.3.5) was used to conduct the statistics of Chinese materia medica frequency, the nature and meridian entry, and the analysis of association rules. The cluster analysis and factor analysis were carried out with the SPSS 25.0.Results:A total of 490 TCM compound patents were included, which involve 791 kinds of Chinese materia medica. For each patent, the number of the Chinese materia medica types was rough 13-14 in average. Remarkably, thirty kinds of Chinese materia medica with high frequencies were obtained, where tonic Chinese materia medica accounted for the largest number, followed by the heat-clearing Chinese materia medica. Among these Chinese materia medica the categories of nature are mainly flat, cold and slightly cold, while the flavors are mostly sweet, bitter and pungent, which mainly belongs to the three meridians of lung, kidney and spleen. As for the results of statistical analysis, the association rule analysis indicated that there were 17 effective kinds of Chinese materia medica pairs, such as Rhizoma Dioscoreae-Astragalus Membranaceus and Radix Rehmanniae Recen-Astragalus Membranaceus. Seven Chinese materia medica groups were derived by the cluster analysis, and 11 common factors were extracted through factor analysis. Conclusions:The TCM compounds for treating diabetes are based on clearing heat and moisturizing dryness, nourishing yin and fluid, supplemented by invigorating spleen and removing dampness, dispelling phlegm and dissolving blood stasis, purging fire and detoxification. Notably, in clinical application, phlegm, blood stasis, heat toxin and other pathological products are supposed to be the focus, must identifying the both symptoms and root causes.

Analysis of the application and combination rules of Sanyinjiao (SP 6) based on data mining / 国际中医中药杂志

Objective:To analyze the application and regularity of acupoint selection of Sanyinjiao (SP 6) based on data mining.Methods:Search for literatures in CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, and Pubmed, the clinical researches of acupuncture on Sanyinjiao (SP 6) point were selected, according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, and the retrieval period was from database construction to September 30th, 2021. Excel 2016, SPSS Statistics 25.0, SPSS Modeler 18.0 were used to perform descriptive analysis, association analysis and cluster analysis.Results:After literature screening, a total of 261 literatures were included, involving 73 kinds of diseases, mainly including mental and behavioral disorders, genitourinary diseases, endocrine and nutritional metabolism diseases and nervous system diseases. The most frequently used acupoints in Sanyinjiao (SP 6) compatibility are Zusanli (ST 36), Baihui (GV 20), Guanyuan (CV 4) and Taichong (LR 3), most of which focus on stomach meridian, conception channel, governor channel and bladder meridian. Seven categories were extracted among high-frequency acupoints by cluster analysis. The association rule analysis showed that the commonly used combination of Sanyinjiao (SP 6) were Zusanli (ST 36)-Sanyinjiao (SP 6), Baihui (GV 20)-Sanyinjiao (SP 6), and Guanyuan (CV 4)-Sanyinjiao (SP 6).Conclusions:Sanyinjiao (SP 6) is widely used in clinical application, and it is always compatible with stomach meridian, conception vessel, governor channel acupoints, especially those acupoints on the outer and inner meridians and the upper and lower parts. Sanyinjiao (SP 6) combined with other acupoints can treat diseases of multiple systems, such as insomnia, stroke, anxiety and depression, dysmenorrhea, infertility, etc. Clustering and association analysis found the core compatibility law of Sanyinjiao (SP 6), which can be used as a reference for clinical acupoint selection.

Medication rules of famous Beijing TCM doctor Wang Pei in the treatment of colon cancer based on data mining / 国际中医中药杂志

Objective:To explore the medication rules of Professor Wang Pei in the treatment of colon cancer.Methods:The medical records of Professor Wang Pei's outpatient treatment for colon cancer were collected, entered into the Traditional Chinese Medicine Inheritance Computing Platform V3.0, and the laws of the prescription's nature, flavor, meridian, drug frequency, drug combination, association rules, and cluster analysis were explored.Results:A total of 65 prescriptions were collected, including 150 Chinese materia medica. The medicinal properties of these Chinese materia medica are mainly warm, cold and flat, the tastes were mainly sweet, bitter and pungent, and the meridians were mainly liver, spleen and kidney meridians. Dampness category and blood circulation promoting and blood stasis category were mainly used, and the most frequently used drugs include Poria, Polyporus, Scutellariae Barbatae Herba, Astragali Radix, Curcumae Rhizoma, and the pairs of Polyporus- Poria, Astragali Radix- Astragali Radix Praeparata cum Melle, Scutellariae Barbatae Herba- Curcumae Rhizoma. Twenty nine high-related drug pairs were obtained from association rules, including Polyporus- Astragali Radix Praeparata cum Melle- Astragali Radix, Poria- Scutellariae Barbatae Herba- Polyporus, Scutellariae Barbatae Herba- Curcumae Rhizoma- Polyporus. The cluster analysis showed the combination of 6 types of medicines mainly focuses on strengthening the spleen and removing dampness, nourishing qi and promoting blood, clearing heat and detoxifying, and astringing the intestines to stop bleeding. Conclusion:Professor Wang Pei mostly discusses the treatment of colon cancer from "spleen dampness, rectification deficiency, heat toxin, blood stasis, bleeding", and the treatment is "invigorating the spleen and removing dampness, invigorating Qi and strengthening the body, clearing away heat and detoxifying, promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis, and astringent intestines to stop bleeding", which is in line with the thought of Traditional Chinese Medicine treatment of tumors, strengthening the righteousness and eliminating pathogenic factors, and and can be used for clinical reference.

Formulation Rules in Medical Heart Enlightenment for Treatment of Heart Pain from Perspective of "Tangye Jingfa Tu" / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo explore the formulation rules for the treatment of heart pain in the Medical Heart Enlightenment （《医学心悟》） from the perspective of the "Tangye Jingfa Tu"， thereby providing a way of thinking about the treatment of heart pain in traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） and the study of the Medical Heart Enlightenment. MethodThe "Tangye Jingfa Tu" contained in the Secrets for Auxiliary Cultivation Life： The Essential Method of Using Herbal Medicine for the Differential Treatment of the Five Zang Organs （《辅行诀五脏用药法要》） was used to analyze the nine prescriptions for heart pain in Volume Ⅲ of the Medical Heart Enlightenment by CHENG Guopeng in the Qing dynasty. A "table for analyzing the formulation of the nine prescriptions for heart pain" was developed. The analysis diagrams for decoction and meridian rules in nine prescriptions for heart pain were plotted and the compatible structure of the medicinal flavors was analyzed. ResultThe composition of Chenxiang Jiangqisan for the treatment of Qi-induced heart pain is "five pungent， four bitter， and two sweet drugs"， the composition of Shouniansan for the treatment of blood-induced heart pain is "five bitter， four pungent， three sweet， and one salty drugs"， the composition of Qingzhongtang for the treatment of heat-induced heart pain is "six bitter， three pungent， and two sweet drugs”， the composition of Jiangfutang with Cinnamomi Cortex for cold-induced heart pain is "three pungent and two sweet drugs"， the composition of Xiaobanxia modified with Fuling Tang for treating fluid retention-induced heart pain is "two pungent and two sweet drugs"， the composition of Baohetang for treating heart pain due to dietary stagnation is "five sweet， four pungent， four bitter， and one sour drugs"， the composition of Guipitang for the treatment of deficiency-induced heart pain is "eight sweet， four bitter， three pungent， and one sour drugs"， the combination of Huachongwan for the treatment of worm-induced heart pain is "seven bitter， six pungent， and four sweet drugs"， the composition of Shenzhusan， Congbaijiu， and Shengjiangtang for the treatment of resistance-induced heart pain is "eight pungent， four bitter， and two sweet drugs". ConclusionFrom the perspective of the "Tangye Jingfa Tu"， the Medical Heart Enlightenment is based on the compatibility principle of "pungent-bitter-sweet drugs" in the treatment of heart pain， with heart deficiency treated with salty drugs for tonifying， or bitter-sweet-salty drugs， and heart excess treated with bitter drugs for purging， or sweet-pungent-bitter drugs， mostly applying the transformation rules of five medicinal flavors， i.e.， "sweet-pungent-bitter drugs" and promoting the action of the pungent and sweet drugs acting on the spleen into the heart to relieve and purge the heart. In most cases， the treatment focuses on harmonizing the heart， liver， spleen， and kidneys， with an emphasis on the mother-child relationship and the application of the principles of the five elements generating and controlling each other. If the progression of the disease involves both the mother and child organs， the formulation should adhere to the compatibility rule of "the child organ makes the mother organ excess and the mother organ makes the child organ deficient".

Macroscopic Clinical Medication Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Esophageal Cancer in Recent Ten Years Based on Data Mining / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo explore the macroscopic medication pattern of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） in treating esophageal cancer （EC） and provide medication references for the clinical application of TCM in EC treatment. MethodRelevant literature on TCM treatment of EC was retrieved from three major Chinese databases： China National Knowledge Infrastructure （CNKI）， Wanfang Data， and VIP. Information about Chinese herbal medicines was entered into Excel to establish a prescription database for EC. The data were standardized， summarized， and subjected to frequency analysis， association rules， and cluster analysis of medication in the prescriptions. Based on the TCM classification of EC syndromes， clinical indications corresponding to each syndrome were identified， and high-frequency drugs and drug pairs were analyzed correspondingly with syndromes. ResultA total of 136 prescriptions containing 240 Chinese herbal medicines were screened， with a cumulative frequency of 1 853 times. The top 5 frequently used Chinese herbal medicines were Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma， Poria， Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma， Astragali Radix， and Pinelliae Rhizoma. In terms of functions， the Chinese herbal medicines were mainly deficiency-tonifying， urination-promoting and dampness-draining， deficiency-tonifying， deficiency-tonifying， and phlegm-resolving and cough and dyspnea-relieving ones. The statistical analysis of flavor， property， and meridian tropism showed that Chinese herbal medicines were mainly bitter and sweet， warm， cold， and neutral， and acted on the spleen， lung， and stomach meridians. Association rule analysis yielded nine potential drug combinations， and cluster analysis of high-frequency drugs resulted in four combination categories. The four TCM syndromes for EC corresponded to respective clinical indications， treatment drugs， and drug pairs. ConclusionTonifying deficiency， reinforcing healthy Qi， descending adverse Qi， resolving phlegm， activating blood， and resolving stasis are the basic principles of TCM treatment for EC， which are supplemented by clearing heat and dissipating mass while focusing on regulating and smoothing the qi movement. The drug combinations obtained from high-frequency drug and association rule analysis provide references for different TCM syndrome treatments of EC， offering valuable insights for clinical medication.

Exploration and practice on construction of Tibetan medicine prescription information database and knowledge discovery / 中国中药杂志

This study aimed to explore the underlying framework and data characteristics of Tibetan prescription information. The information on Tibetan medicine prescriptions was collected based on 11 Tibetan medicine classics, such as Four Medical Canons(Si Bu Yi Dian). The optimal classification method was used to summarize the information structure of Tibetan medicine prescriptions and sort out the key problems and solutions in data collection, standardization, translation, and analysis. A total of 11 316 prescriptions were collected, involving 139 011 entries and 63 567 pieces of efficacy information of drugs in prescriptions. The information on Tibe-tan medicine prescriptions could be summarized into a "seven-in-one" framework of "serial number-source-name-composition-efficacy-appendix-remarks" and 18 expansion layers, which contained all information related to the inheritance, processing, origin, dosage, semantics, etc. of prescriptions. Based on the framework, this study proposed a "historical timeline" method for mining the origin of prescription inheritance, a "one body and five layers" method for formulating prescription drug specifications, a "link-split-link" method for constructing efficacy information, and an advanced algorithm suitable for the research of Tibetan prescription knowledge discovery. Tibetan medicine prescriptions have obvious characteristics and advantages under the guidance of the theories of "three factors", "five sources", and "Ro-nus-zhu-rjes" of Tibetan medicine. Based on the characteristics of Tibetan medicine prescriptions, this study proposed a multi-level and multi-attribute underlying data architecture, providing new methods and models for the construction of Tibetan medicine prescription information database and knowledge discovery and improving the consistency and interoperability of Tibetan medicine prescription information with standards at all levels, which is expected to realize the "ancient and modern connection-cleaning up the source-data sharing", so as to promote the informatization and modernization research path of Tibetan medicine prescriptions.

Acupoints compatibility rules of acupuncture for depression disease based on data mining technology / 中国针灸

Based on data mining technology, the acupoints compatibility rules of acupuncture for depression diseases were explored. The randomized controlled trial (RCT) articles regarding acupuncture for depression diseases published from establishment of database to September 2nd, 2022 were searched in CNKI database, Wangfang database, VIP database, SinoMed database, PubMed, EMbase, Web of Science and Cochrane Library. The use frequency of acupoints, meridian tropism, selection of special acupoints and acupoint association rules for five common depression diseases, including primary depression, post-stroke depression, menopausal syndrome, psychoneurosis and anxiety disorder, were analyzed by Python programming language. Cytoscape software was used to analyze the acupoint association and the disease-acupoint co-occurrence network. As a result, totally 387 articles were included, and 319 acupoints prescriptions for the above five common depression diseases were extracted, involving 159 acupoints. The use frequency of acupoints was 2 574 times in total. The frequently-used acupoints were Baihui (GV 20), Sanyinjiao (SP 6), Taichong (LR 3), Neiguan (PC 6), Shenmen (HT 7), Yintang (GV 24+), Zusanli (ST 36), Hegu (LI 4), Sishencong (EX-HN 1) and Taixi (KI 3), etc. The frequently involved meridians were the governor vessel, foot-taiyang bladder meridian, foot-taiyin spleen meridian, and foot-jueyin liver meridian. The frequency of the special acupoints from high to low was crossing points, five-shu points, yuan-primary points, back-shu points, luo-connecting points, and eight confluent points, etc, which were often used in combination with "Baihui (GV 20)-Yintang (GV 24+)" (the highest degree of association). At the same time, the analysis of the co-occurrence network of depression diseases and acupoints showed that the core acupoints group of acupuncture for depression diseases were Baihui (GV 20), Taichong (LR 3), Shenmen (HT 7), Zusanli (ST 36), Neiguan (PC 6) and Sanyinjiao (SP 6). In conclusion, acupuncture treatment for depression diseases has gradually formed a rule of acupoint compatibility, with special acupoint as the main body and "unblocking the governor vessel, and regulating the spirit and qi " as the main therapeutic principle.

Analysis of medication rules of TCM for perimenopausal syndrome based on literature mining / 药学实践杂志

Objective To investigate the rules of Traditional Chinese Medicine in the treatment of perimenopausal syndrome (PMS) and provide a theoretical basis for the clinical treatment of PMS. Methods The literature related to PMS were collected from China Knowledge Network (CNKI), Wanfang database and Weipu database in the past 20 years, the herbal compound prescriptions for the treatment of PMS were screened and a relevant database were established and analyzed by SPSS. Results The relevant literatures contains 184 Chinese medicine prescriptions/proprietary Chinese medicines, 122 flavors of traditional Chinese medicines, and the drug categories were mainly tonic drugs, antipyretic drugs, astringent drugs, and tranquilizers. The core single-flavor Chinese medicines were Baishao(Radix Paeoniae Alba), Shudihuang(Rehmannia glutinosa ), Danggui(Radix Angelicae Sinensis), Fuling (Indian Buead). The property and flavor covered sweet, bitter, cold, etc.; and the channel tropism belonged to the liver, kidneys, heart, lungs, spleen and meridians. The cluster analysis of high-frequency Traditional Chinese Medicine obtained two main combinations. Conclusion TCM treatment of PMS focused on replenishing qi, soothing the liver, nourishing the kidneys, nourishing blood and calming the heart, and then according to clinical compatibility with drugs such as soothing the nerves, clearing heat and removing dampness; most of its clinical treatment were Xiaoyaosan, Liuwei Dihuang pills, and Zhibo Rehmanniae decoction and other prescriptions which were added and subtracted.

Medication Rules of Pinelliae Rhizoma Processed Products in Syndrome Differentiation and Treatment of Insomnia Based on Data Mining / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo analyze and summarize the medication rules of different Pinelliae Rhizoma processed products in the syndrome differentiation and treatment of insomnia using data mining. MethodThe literature on the treatment of insomnia with Pinelliae Rhizoma was retrieved from the China National Knowledge Infrastructure （CNKI）， VIP， and PubMed databases over the past 10 years. An Excel database was constructed to record the prescriptions of different Pinelliae Rhizoma processed products in the treatment of insomnia. SPSS 26.0 software was used for frequency analysis of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） syndromes related to insomnia， compatibility of drugs， drug effects， and properties. SPSS 26.0 was also used for cluster analysis， factor analysis， and IBM Modeler 18.0 plugin for association rule analysis of the core compatibility of different Pinelliae Rhizoma processed products and combinations. ResultAfter applying inclusion and exclusion criteria， 125 relevant articles were finally included. The commonly used processed products of Pinelliae Rhizoma in the treatment of insomnia were Pinelliae Rhizoma Praeparatum， Pinelliae Rhizoma Praeparatum cum Zingibere et Alumine， and Pinelliae Rhizoma Praeparatum cum Alumine. Among them， Pinelliae Rhizoma Praeparatum was the most frequently used. All three processed products of Pinelliae Rhizoma were often used for insomnia with such TCM syndromes as phlegm-heat disturbing the heart， phlegm-dampness obstructing the interior， and liver Qi stagnation. The compatible drugs were sweet， bitter， and pungent in flavor， cold in nature， and acted on the lung， spleen， heart， and liver meridians， with functions of nourishing deficiency， clearing heat， and calming the mind. The common prescriptions used were Wendantang， Chaihu Longgu Mulitang， Banxia Xiexintang， and Xiaochaihutang， with doses ranging from 6 to 30 g. The core drug combinations were Pinelliae Rhizoma Praeparatum-Poria-Ziziphi Spinosae Semen， Pinelliae Rhizoma Praeparatum Cum Zingibere et Alumine-Jujubae Fructus-Codonopsis Radix， and Pinelliae Rhizoma Praeparatum Cum Alumine-Scutellariae Radix-Bupleuri Radix. ConclusionThis study， for the first time， analyzed and summarized the compatibility and prescription application rules of commonly used processed products of Pinelliae Rhizoma in the treatment of insomnia from the perspective of TCM syndrome differentiation， which provides a theoretical basis for the rational， safe， and effective use of Pinelliae Rhizoma in the treatment of insomnia in TCM.

Identification of Kidney-Yang Deficiency Syndrome in Osteoporosis Patients Based on Rule Ensemble Method of Bagging Combining LASSO Regression / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo investigate the identification of kidney Yang deficiency syndrome of patients with osteoporosis（OP）， and to form the clinical syndrome identification rules of traditional Chinese medicine（TCM）. MethodBasic information， etiology， clinical symptoms and other characteristics of 982 OP patients were included， and statistical tests were used to screen the variables associated with kidney Yang deficiency syndrome. Taking the decision tree as the base model， bootstrap aggregation algorithm（Bagging algorithm） was utilized to establish the classification model of kidney Yang deficiency syndrome in OP， generating numerous rules and removing redundancy. Combining least absolute shrinkage and selection operator（LASSO） regression to screen key rules and integrate them to construct an identification model， achieving the identification of kidney Yang deficiency syndrome in OP patients. ResultEighteen key identification rules were screened out， and of these， where 11 rules with regression coefficients>0 correlated positively with the kidney Yang deficiency syndrome， the rule with the highest coefficient was chilliness（present）&feverish sensation over the palm and sole（absent）. The other 7 rules with regression coefficients<0 correlated negatively with the syndrome， the rule with the lowest coefficient was reddish tongue（present）&diarrhea（absent）&deficiency of endowment（absent）. According to the regression coefficients of each key rule， variables with importance>0.2 were ranked as chilliness， reddish tongue， feverish sensation over the palm and sole， cold limbs， clear urine， diarrhea， deficiency of endowment， prolonged illness. The results of the partial dependence analysis of the identification model showed that compared to OP patients without chilliness， those with chilliness（present） had a 0.266 8 higher probability of being identified as having kidney Yang deficiency syndrome， indicating that this variable had the highest impact on identification of the syndrome. Similarly， compared to OP patients without reddish tongue， those with reddish tongue had a 0.141 9 lower probability of being identified as having kidney Yang deficiency syndrome， indicating that this variable had the highest impact on identifying non-kidney Yang deficiency syndrome. The accuracy， sensitivity， specificity and area under receiver operating characteristic curve（AUC） of the established kidney Yang deficiency syndrome identification model in the test set were 0.865 9， 0.853 7， 0.872 0 and 0.931 5， respectively. ConclusionA precise identification model of OP kidney Yang deficiency syndrome is conducted basing on the rule ensemble method of Bagging combining LASSO regression， and the screened key rules can explain the identification process of kidney Yang deficiency syndrome. In this research， according to the regression coefficients of rules， the importance and partial dependence of variables， combined with the thinking of TCM， the influence of patient characteristics on the identification of syndromes is described， so as to reveal the primary and secondary syndromes of identification and assist the clinical identification of kidney Yang deficiency syndrome.

Medication rule and mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine in treating metabolism-associated fatty liver disease based on bioinformatics technology / 数字中医药（英文）

@#[Objective[ To analyze the main syndrome types, medication rules, and core prescription characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in the treatment of metabolism-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), and to predict the anti-MAFLD mechanism of core formula, so as to provide references for the clinical application of TCM and the development of new drugs. [Methods] Literature research on TCM in treating MAFLD was retrieved from China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), China Science and Technology Journal Database (VIP), and Wanfang Database since the establishment of the database to July 2022. Excel 2019 and Chinese Medicine Inheritance Computing Platform (V3.0) were used for frequency analysis, association rule analysis, and cluster analysis of effective prescriptions. The key components, targets, and action pathways of anti-MAFLD core formulas were predicted by network pharmacology. Finally, the interactions between the obtained core components and their core targets were verified reversely by molecular docking technology. [Results] A total of 218 articles were screened and selected, including 352 prescriptions, involving 270 traditional Chinese herbs. The drugs were used a total of 3 901 times, and a total of 10 915 cases were collected, among which the prevalence rate was higher in males. The main types of TCM syndrome included intermingled phlegm and blood stasis syndrome, liver depression and spleen deficiency syndrome, and damp-heat in liver and gallbladder syndrome, among which Shanzha (Crataegi Fructus), Danshen (Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma), Fuling (Poria), Zexie (Alismatis Rhizoma), Chaihu (Bupleuri Radix), and Baizhu (Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma) were the most frequently used. The properties of Chinese medicine primarily encompassed thermal characteristics, with a predominant emphasis on cold and warm; the flavors of herbs were predominantly characterized by bitterness and sweetness, while the majority exhibited tropism towards the spleen and liver meridians. The drugs were primarily classified based on their efficacy in tonifying deficiencies, promoting diuresis and moistening, enhancing blood circulation and removing blood stasisheat-clearing, etc. The association rules were employed to derive a set of 20 core drug pairs, while cluster analysis was utilized to identify three distinct groups of core drug combinations. Network pharmacological showed that the main components of the core formula “Shanzha (Crataegi Fructus) - Danshen (Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma) - Zexie (Alismatis Rhizoma) - Chaihu (Bupleuri Radix) - Fuling (Poria)” in the treatment of MAFLD were quercetin, apigenin, puerarin, luteolin, ursolic acid, kaempferol, tanshinone IIA, emodin, paeonol, etc., which involved RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 (AKT1), cellular tumor antigen p53 (TP53), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), peroxisome proliferative activated receptor gamma (PPARG), and other key targets. The molecular docking results showed that the core components had good binding to lipid and atherosclerosis, and phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K)/AKT signaling pathway-associated proteins. [Conclusion] The main principles of TCM for the treatment of MAFLD involve soothing the liver and strengthening the spleen, eliminating phlegm and dampness, clearing heat and dampness, as well as promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis. The core formula may exert anti-MAFLD effects mediated through multiple components, targets, and signaling pathways. This study establishes a theoretical foundation for the clinical application of TCM in the treatment of MAFLD, and serves as a reference for further exploration of new drugs against MAFLD.